Integration of Solar Panels in the City: Between Advantages and Challenges
Solar panels are becoming increasingly attractive to many people for various reasons. On the one hand, they are a valuable contribution to the energy transition, and on the other hand, they can help counteract the constantly rising energy prices and save at least a portion of energy costs. However, despite their benefits, there are challenges that do not always make the installation easy. Bureaucratic obstacles or regulations for installing balcony solar panels in rental agreements, for example, can be challenging. However, the current government has been working since the beginning to reduce legal barriers and has already initiated several measures to make the installation of solar panels in the city more attractive.
Advantages of Solar Panels in Urban Environments
Fundamentally, the advantages of solar energy in the city do not differ from those in rural areas. However, urban life and climatic conditions are significantly different. Cities, for instance, grapple with higher pollution levels and temperatures, which worsen with climate change. Moreover, cities are considered very "energy-hungry". Deutsche Welle once published an article on the topic, stating: "Metropolises are the center of political and economic life – and they are hungry for electricity. Today they already consume 80 percent of the energy produced worldwide and emit 85 percent of greenhouse gases". In contrast, Maria Götzel from the Berlin agency Peak Ace calculated that theoretically, "most German major cities could be supplied with solar power by covering 5 to 10 percent of their city area with solar cells", as reported by the Süddeutsche Zeitung.
Therefore, the advantage of solar panels for optimizing and expanding urban infrastructure can hardly be overestimated.
Technical and Logistical Challenges in the Installation of Urban Solar Panels
The technical challenge, for example, lies in the development of potentially suitable areas for installing solar panels. However, the technical side is also highly adaptable, and the solar industry already offers various solutions.
The classic among solar panels is undoubtedly the rooftop installation. It can be installed on flat as well as pitched roofs, depending on the orientation and the corresponding cost-benefit analysis. Another installation method offers solar windows. These windows are directly equipped with solar cells and can reduce electricity costs. Especially the sometimes immense window areas of large office buildings are suitable for this technology. Although the technology is still very new, market-ready products are already available, and we will likely experience a rapidly growing market in this area in the near future. A project by the University of Michigan State and MIT has even succeeded in developing cells that are not visible when looking out of the window, a significant advantage for the marketing and undoubtedly a solution to a challenge in urban solar projects.
Impact of City Solar Panels on Local Infrastructure
Self-produced electricity has various effects on local infrastructure. In principle, each regionally produced kilowatt-hour makes a city somewhat independent of supra-regional power providers and fossil fuels. Cities thus become more economically successful and financially flexible. Due to the particular importance of climate change for cities, they naturally have a keen interest in quickly implementing the energy transition to be spared from the effects of climate change to a certain extent. Because cities are initially in a worse position due to the high pollutant emissions and higher temperatures caused by various factors compared to rural areas. Therefore, urban planners have been working for many years on ways to counteract a deterioration of living conditions in urban areas. One clear solution is solar energy. However, there are also other solutions such as greening cities as an additional measure.
Case Studies: Successful Examples of Urban Solar Projects
An example of a successful solar project at the city level is the Solar Offensive Hamburg. The goal was to quintuple the relatively low solar power output of the city between 2016 and 2020. Solar power was to be produced on 5,000 roofs, according to the ambitious goal of the association of various companies and organizations such as Greenpeace Energy, Lichtblick, Energienetz Hamburg eG, and others. The project receives additional support from numerous associations, companies, and other organizations. The offering includes advice and implementation of solar power projects. Numerous projects have been realized, including small residential complexes and large projects in residential complexes with several hundred residential units and commercial facilities.
Another interesting project is one of the Stadtwerke Emmendingen. The idea: Citizen solar funds. Targeted projects are planned and published, and citizens have the opportunity to become shareholders in the projects. For example, a PV system was planned and tendered on the Central Bus Station and could be realized within a very short time as the shares were sold rapidly. The system produces about 62,000 kWh/year, saving about 1,100 tons of CO2. In this way, about 10 systems have already been implemented.